In the *1920s,* a rich man in India put his son on board a ship from Bombay to the United Kingdom in order to acquire a law degree and become a *barrister,* as was fashionable among all privileged families in the country at the time. The boy, however, did not want to be a lawyer; his heart was in *chemistry,* a pursuit without a seeming future in those days.

But his father gave him little choice, so while he waved to his father as his ship pulled away, Khwaja Abdul Hamied was already running over other plans in his mind while standing on the deck. He jumped ship halfway through, and found his way to Germany which, in the early decades of the last century, was leading in the study of chemistry and chemicals. He acquired a degree, married a German Jew who was also a communist – two communities the Nazis hated the most. But before they could be caught by Adolf Hitler's Gestapo, they escaped from Germany and safely reached India.

With his vast knowledge of chemicals, *Khwaja Hamied* set up the *Chemical, Industrial and Pharmaceutical Laboratories* in *1935* which was shortened to *CIPLA* decades later after Independence.

*Khwaja Hamied was a great fan of Mahatma Gandhi and got down, in true nationalist spirit, to producing cheaply priced generic drugs for the common people.* These included not only medicines for *malaria and tuberculosis* but also other *respiratory disorders, cardiovascular diseases* as well as routine and mundane ailments like *diabetes and arthritis.*

Sometime in the 1970s, *CIPLA* (so renamed in the 1980s) began to manufacture a drug called Propranolol, patented by a US pharmaceutical giant, that was used in treating blood pressure, migraines and heart ailments, among others. In a bipolar world at the time, the US was no friend of India and a real superpower.

The US complained to the Indian govt. The then PM Indira Gandhi did not immediately cave in. She sent for *Yusuf Hamied,* Khwaja's son, himself a chemistry graduate from Cambridge, who had by then taken over the running of the company. When Mrs Gandhi asked how he could violate the patent law on drugs and get India into trouble, *Yusuf told her the story of his father and why he had set up the company – to bring low priced quality drugs to the poor.

When he had handed his company to his son, *Khwaja* had told *Yusuf* just one thing – remember why this company was founded. Unlike other pharmaceutical companies around the world, we are not here to make profits but to bring relief and healthcare to the poor who may otherwise have to die for want of quality drugs.

That is all he was doing, Yusuf told an impressed Mrs Gandhi who could empathise with the concern for the poor. And *she turned down the US's command to India to stop producing the drug,* knowing it could have consequences. Americans hated her for this and other acts of defiance. On Yusuf's suggestion *she also had the patent law on drugs changed to not include the drug per se, only the process of manufacture as inviolable*, so that Cipla could go ahead and produce as many low-priced generic drugs for the poor as possible. Since then Cipla has also produced a low-cost drug to treat *HIV* and expanded operations into several developing countries, including African nations, where most HIV and poor patients existed at one time.

This then is the company which produces hydroxychloroquine used in the treatment of malaria, lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, which now has been exported in such large numbers to the US under threat by a weaker Trump administration.

Even before Trump had bullied India into exporting the drug, Dr Hamiduddin Pardawala, the infectious diseases specilast at the Saifee Hospital in Bombay, had told some of us to note carefully that countries where malaria (and perhaps tuberculosis) was common were suffering less from Coronavirus than those where malaria was almost non-existent.

So where is malaria almost non-existent? The US, UK, Israel, France, Germany, Spain, Canada etc. In other words, countries which have suffered the maximum infestations. When I think of Germany, *I wonder where these nations, who are profusely thanking India now for supplying HCQ to them, would have been today if Khwaja Hamied and his wife had been caught by the Gestapo and sent off to the concentration camps.*

I would like to call this poetic justice without gloating over the fact. *No other company in India, and certainly not the world, has done as much to bring affordable health care to poor Indians as has Cipla* – and it has not been stingy about its research, often providing pharmaceutical ingredients and processes to other drug companies in the country to manufacture their own.

When India was partitioned Md Ali Jinnah, who was also a Bombay resident and part of the same social circles as the Hamieds, offered Khwaja an honourable move to Pakistan. The Hamieds were sure where their sympathies lay – with Gandhiji – and chose to stay back in India.  That is India.